Recently, there was a growing awareness in our country about the importance of Himalayan nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) because it is found to be a sustainable source of

Updated 11 Apr 2026 · From UPSC Prelims GS Paper I 2019, Q74

Contents12
UPSC Prelims GS2019Environment
  1. Aanti-malarial drug
  2. Bbiodiesel
  3. Cpulp for paper industry
  4. Dtextile fibre
Show answer

Answer: (D) textile fibre

The correct answer is (D) — textile fibre.

Himalayan nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) is a fibre-yielding plant that grows abundantly in the Himalayan region.

Its fibres can be used to make textiles, providing a sustainable livelihood for people in remote mountain villages.

The plant grows naturally without pesticides or much care, making it an eco-friendly source of fibre.

Tip: Himalayan nettle = natural textile fibre from the mountains.

Think of it as the Himalayan version of cotton or jute.

Why this was asked

Himalayan nettle provides natural textile fibre that can support livelihoods in remote mountain villages without requiring pesticides or intensive cultivation.

Around 2018-2019, there were increased efforts to promote sustainable textile alternatives and support mountain communities through natural fibre production, making this plant relevant for economic and environmental reasons.

Himalayan Nettle (Girardinia diversifolia)

Environment Himalayan nettle Girardinia diversifolia textile fibre

Himalayan Nettle: Sustainable Textile Fiber from Mountains

Must know

Girardinia diversifolia is the scientific name for Himalayan nettle

Primary use: textile fiber production — sustainable alternative to synthetic fibers

Grows naturally in Himalayan region without pesticides or intensive care

Good to know

Provides sustainable livelihood for remote mountain communities

Himalayan nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) is a naturally occurring fiber-yielding plant found in the Himalayan region. Unlike cotton or synthetic fibers, it grows wild without requiring pesticides, fertilizers, or intensive agricultural practices, making it an eco-friendly textile source.

Key Properties

Natural habitat: Grows abundantly in Himalayan hills and mountains at moderate to high altitudes

Fiber quality: Produces strong, durable fibers suitable for textile manufacturing

Sustainability: Requires zero pesticides and minimal human intervention for growth

Economic potential: Provides income opportunities for remote mountain communities

Processing: Fibers extracted from stem can be spun into yarn and woven into fabric

Plant Identification

Girardinia diversifolia grows wild in Himalayan regions — its fibrous stem is the source of textile material
Girardinia diversifolia grows wild in Himalayan regions — its fibrous stem is the source of textile material

Source: Earth.com — Girardinia Diversifolia -- Earthpedia plant · earthpedia.earth.com

Exam traps

Trap: Confusing Himalayan nettle with medicinal plants — it's primarily a fiber source, not pharmaceutical

Trap: Mixing up with jute or hemp — nettle is specifically from Himalayan region

Trap: Thinking it's used for paper pulp — the question tests textile fiber application

Natural Textile Fibers

Environment textile fibre

Natural Textile Fibers: Plant-Based Alternatives

Must know

Natural fibers come from plants, animals, or minerals — more sustainable than synthetics

Major plant fibers: cotton, jute, flax, hemp, nettle — each with specific properties

Good to know

Environmental advantage: biodegradable and require less chemical processing

Major Natural Textile Fibers

Fiber

Source Plant

Primary Region

Key Characteristic

Cotton

Gossypium species

India, China, USA

Soft, absorbent, most common

Jute

Corchorus species

Bengal (India, Bangladesh)

Strong, rough, used for sacks

Flax (Linen)

Linum usitatissimum

Europe, Egypt

Fine, smooth, luxury fabric

Hemp

Cannabis sativa

China, Europe

Very strong, durable

Nettle

Girardinia diversifolia

Himalayan region

Wild-growing, eco-friendly

Sustainability Benefits

Biodegradable: Natural fibers decompose completely, unlike synthetic polyester or nylon

Lower carbon footprint: Plant fibers absorb CO₂ during growth, reducing net emissions

Renewable resource: Can be regrown annually or perennially without depleting resources

Reduced chemical dependency: Many natural fibers require fewer synthetic chemicals for processing

Exam traps

Trap: Assuming all natural fibers are environmentally friendly — cotton requires heavy pesticide use

Trap: Confusing jute with hemp — jute is specifically from Bengal region, hemp is global

Trap: Thinking natural fibers are always superior to synthetics — each has specific applications

Fiber-Yielding Plants in India

Environment

India's Fiber-Yielding Plants: Traditional & Emerging Sources

Must know

India is world's largest producer of jute and second-largest producer of cotton

Traditional fibers: cotton, jute, coir — modern additions include bamboo, nettle

Good to know

Fiber crops provide livelihood to millions of farmers across different agro-climatic zones

India's Major Fiber Sources

Fiber Type

Main Producing States

Global Rank

Primary Use

Cotton

Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana

2nd largest producer

Clothing, textiles

Jute

West Bengal, Assam, Odisha

Largest producer

Sacks, carpet backing

Coir

Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka

Largest producer

Ropes, mats, geotextiles

Bamboo

Northeast states, Odisha

2nd largest resource

Paper, textiles, handicrafts

Nettle

Himalayan states

Emerging source

Sustainable textiles

Regional Distribution

# Fiber Plants in India
## Northern Hills
- Himalayan Nettle
- Hemp
- Flax
## Western States
- Cotton (Gujarat)
- Cotton (Maharashtra)
- Kapok
## Eastern States
- Jute (West Bengal)
- Jute (Assam)
- Bamboo
## Southern States
- Coir (Kerala)
- Cotton (Tamil Nadu)
- Bamboo
Exam traps

Trap: Confusing jute with cotton production states — jute is concentrated in Bengal, cotton in Gujarat

Trap: Forgetting India's #1 position in jute and #2 in cotton globally

Trap: Overlooking coir as a fiber — it's from coconut husk, and India dominates production

Sustainable Livelihood from Natural Resources

Environment sustainable source

Sustainable Livelihoods: Natural Resource-Based Economic Activities

Must know

Sustainable livelihood uses natural resources without depleting them for future generations

Examples: fiber extraction, bamboo crafts, medicinal plant cultivation, eco-tourism

Good to know

Benefits: environmental conservation + economic development for rural communities

Sustainable livelihood refers to economic activities that meet present needs while preserving natural resources for future use. In mountain regions like the Himalayas, communities traditionally depend on forest products, medicinal plants, and wild fibers without overexploiting these resources.

Examples of Sustainable Natural Resource Use

Resource Type

Activity

Region/Example

Sustainability Factor

Wild Fibers

Nettle fiber extraction

Himalayan villages

No cultivation needed

Bamboo

Handicrafts, furniture

Northeast India

Fastest growing plant

Medicinal Plants

Controlled harvesting

Western Ghats

Cultivation + wild collection

Forest Products

Non-timber collection

Central India

Seasonal, rotational harvest

Honey

Bee-keeping

Mountain regions

No resource depletion

Key Principles

Renewable harvest: Taking only what naturally regenerates each season

No chemical inputs: Avoiding pesticides and fertilizers that damage ecosystems

Community ownership: Local people manage and benefit from their natural resources

Value addition: Processing raw materials locally to increase income per unit

Market linkages: Connecting rural producers to urban consumers of sustainable products

Exam traps

Trap: Confusing sustainable with organic — sustainable focuses on long-term resource availability

Trap: Thinking all traditional practices are sustainable — some may be resource-intensive

Trap: Assuming sustainable livelihoods are always low-income — proper value addition can be profitable